An Overview on Cholinesterase Inhibitor Pesticides

Abstract

Cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides are a class of chemical agents primarily used in agriculture and public health for pest control. These compounds work by inhibiting the activity of cholinesterase enzymes, mainly acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which are essential for the normal functioning of the nervous system. The most common types include organophosphates and carbamates. Under normal conditions, AChE breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in synaptic clefts, thereby terminating nerve impulses. Cholinesterase inhibitors disrupt this process, causing accumulation of acetylcholine, which leads to continuous nerve stimulation, resulting in symptoms such as muscle twitching, respiratory distress, convulsions, and potentially death in severe cases. Due to their potent neurotoxicity, these pesticides pose significant health risks to humans, particularly to agricultural workers, children, and people living in areas of high pesticide use. Acute exposure can cause cholinergic syndrome, while chronic exposure has been linked to neurological disorders, cognitive impairment, and developmental effects. Moreover, environmental concerns arise due to their toxicity to non-target organisms, including beneficial insects, birds, and aquatic life. Efforts to regulate and monitor the use of cholinesterase inhibitors have increased globally, with some compounds banned or restricted in many countries. However, their use remains widespread in low- and middle-income countries due to their effectiveness and low cost.