Neodymium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Nd:YAG) Laser
Abstract
The Neodymium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser is a solid-state laser that uses neodymium ions (Nd³⁺) doped into a yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Y₃Al₅O₁₂) crystal as the lasing medium. First developed in the 1960s, the Nd:YAG laser operates primarily at a wavelength of 1064 nanometers in the near-infrared spectrum. It is one of the most versatile and widely used lasers in both medical and industrial applications due to its deep penetration, high energy output, and ability to deliver energy precisely. In medical fields, the Nd:YAG laser has been extensively employed in dermatology, ophthalmology, urology, oncology, and surgery, owing to its ability to coagulate, vaporize, or ablate tissues with minimal damage to surrounding structures. In ophthalmology, for instance, it is commonly used for posterior capsulotomy and laser iridotomy, while in urology, it is applied in procedures like prostate vaporization and stone fragmentation. Its deep tissue penetration also makes it useful in treating vascular lesions and performing endoscopic surgeries. The Nd:YAG laser can operate in continuous or pulsed modes, allowing for precise control over energy delivery. When used in Q-switched mode, it delivers high-intensity pulses in very short durations, making it suitable for tattoo removal, pigmented lesion treatment, and laser skin resurfacing. Overall, the Nd:YAG laser's effectiveness, safety profile, and adaptability have made it an essential tool in modern therapeutic and surgical procedures.