Diagnosis and Treatment of Uterine Septum

Abstract

A uterine septum is a congenital malformation resulting from incomplete resorption of the Müllerian ducts during embryonic development, leading to a fibrous or muscular partition that divides the uterine cavity. It is the most common type of Müllerian anomaly and is frequently associated with reproductive complications such as recurrent pregnancy loss, infertility, and adverse obstetric outcomes. Diagnosis relies primarily on advanced imaging modalities, including three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound (3D TVUS), hysterosalpingography (HSG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which allow differentiation from other anomalies like bicornuate uterus. Hysteroscopic metroplasty remains the gold standard for both diagnosis and treatment, offering a minimally invasive approach that restores normal uterine anatomy and improves reproductive outcomes. Current management strategies focus on individualized treatment plans based on the septum’s morphology, reproductive history, and associated comorbidities.