Oncoplastic Surgery in Breast Cancer: Indications and Principles

Abstract

Breast-conserving surgery represents a cornerstone in the management of early-stage breast cancer; however, conventional techniques may result in suboptimal cosmetic outcomes, particularly in patients with large tumors, unfavorable tumor-to-breast ratios, or tumors located in cosmetically sensitive areas. Oncoplastic breast surgery (OBS) has emerged as an integrative approach that combines oncologic safety with plastic and reconstructive principles, allowing wider tumor excision while preserving or improving breast aesthetics. OBS enables optimal margin clearance, reduces re-excision rates, and enhances patient satisfaction and quality of life without compromising oncological outcomes. The appropriate application of OBS requires careful patient selection, accurate preoperative planning, and a thorough understanding of both oncologic and reconstructive principles. This review aims to highlight the main indications, classifications, and fundamental principles of oncoplastic surgery in breast cancer management, with emphasis on surgical planning, oncologic safety, and aesthetic outcomes.