Surgical Management of Haemorrhoidectomy

Abstract

Hemorrhoidal disease is one of the most common anorectal disorders worldwide and represents a significant clinical burden. It results from the pathological enlargement and distal displacement of normal anal cushions due to vascular congestion and weakening of the supporting connective tissue. Although conservative and minimally invasive treatments are effective for early stages, surgical intervention remains the definitive management for advanced hemorrhoids, particularly grade III and IV disease. Several surgical techniques have been developed, including conventional excisional hemorrhoidectomy such as the Milligan–Morgan and Ferguson procedures, as well as newer approaches like stapled hemorrhoidopexy and Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation. Each technique differs in operative method, postoperative pain, complication rates, and recurrence risk. This mini-review aims to summarize the current surgical approaches for hemorrhoidectomy, highlighting indications, operative techniques, advantages, and potential complications associated with each procedure.