The Role of Animal Models in Tendon Research

Abstract

Background: Animal models play a fundamental role in tendon research by enabling controlled investigation of tendon injury mechanisms, healing processes, biomechanical properties, and treatment outcomes. These models provide opportunities for biochemical, histological, and molecular analyses that cannot be fully achieved in human studies. Among the various experimental models, Achilles tendon injury models are the most extensively studied because of their anatomical accessibility and clinical relevance. Different animal species, including rats, rabbits, sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs, have been utilized to simulate tendon pathology and repair under controlled conditions. Each model offers distinct advantages and limitations regarding tendon size, biomechanics, surgical feasibility, and translational applicability. Understanding the characteristics and suitability of these animal models is essential for selecting appropriate experimental approaches and improving the translation of preclinical findings into clinical tendon therapies.